Clean Fuels & Catalysis Research at PSU

Welcome to

Clean Fuels and Catalysis Program

The Energy Institute

Program Coordinator for Clean Fuels and Catalysis (CFCP)

Energy Institute (EI), and Department of Energy & Geo-Environ. Eng. (EGEE)

The Pennsylvania State University

209 Academic Projects Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA

E-mail: csong@psu.edu; Tel: 814-863-4466; Fax: 814-865-3248

Organization

CFCP Mission

CFCP Vision

CFCP is one of the strategic research programs of the The Energy Institute (EI) in College of Earth and Mineral Sciences at the Pennsylvania State University. Dr. Harold Schobert is the director of EI, which covers a broad spectrum of energy-related research. Dr. Chunshan Song is the program Coordinator of CFCP.

CFCP members have close working relationships with Department of Energy and Geo-Environmental Engineering (EGEE) and Materials Research Laboratory, Chemical Engineering, Mechnical Engineering and Electrochemical Engine Center at Penn State.

There are faculty and professional staff members, postodctoral scholars, graduate and undergraduate students, support staff members as well as visiting scientists affiliated with CFCP. CFCP also has active international collaborative research.

The main mission of CFCP is to promote comprehensive, efficient and environmentally-friendly utilization of hydrocarbon resources for making and using clean fuels and chemicals through catalytic and chemical research.

CFCP research focuses on ultra-clean fuels, chemicals, applied catalysis, reaction chemistry, new materials and new processing methods related to energy conversion, energy utilization, chemical processing and environmental protection.

The work approaches of CFCP are to develop and carry out applied fundamental research projects and to disseminate new knowledge through publications and reports to sponsors.

A major component of CFCP work is to carry out collaborative research with industrial partners to provide technical support to industrial R&D in fuels and chemical industries.

Applied catalysis coupled with reaction chemistry and processing research will become more and more important for environmentally-benign processing in fuels, chemical, and power industries as we move into the 21st century.

Applied catalytic research at CFCP will promote potential practical applications of new and improved processes, catalysts, adsorbents and reaction chemistry.

CFCP will serve as a platform of externally funded research projects and industry-academia collaboration on subjects of practical importance involving clean fuels, catalytic materials, chemical processing, energy conversion, energy utilization, chemicals synthesis and electrical power generation.

CFCP will be recognized as an active center of applied catalytic and chemical research in areas of ultra-clean fuels, chemicals and materials that are important to the society at large.

Any Comments, Suggestions, Questions & Requests?

Please feel free to contact Chunshan Song at your convenience.

We want to hear from you.

Areas of Research Interests of CFCP

1. Catalytic Processing of Diesel Fuel, Jet Fuel and Gasoline

2. Advanced Thermally Stable Jet Fuels from Coal and Petroleum

3. Conversion of CH4 or Natural Gas to Syngas & H2

4. Reforming of Hydrocarbon Fuels and Alcohols for Fuel Cells

5. Desulfurization, Denitrogenation & Hydrogenation of Fuels

6. Shape-Selective or Regio-Selective Synthesis of Organic Chemicals

7. CO2 Capture, Conversion and Utilization

8. Computer Simulation of Reaction Pathways and Catalysis

9. Catalytic Upgrading of Petroleum, Heavy Oil and Resid

10. Conversion of Coal, Heavy Oils, and Wastes to Fuels, Chemicals, and Materials

Current Research Topics in CFCP

o Production of advanced thermally-stable jet fuels using petroleum- and coal-based feedstocks

o Catalytic reforming of natural gas to produce syngas and hydrogen

o Deep desulfurization of diesel fuels, jet fuels and gasoline for ultra-clean fuels

o Tri-reforming of natural gas for conversion and utilization of CO2 with flue gas

o Reforming of liquid hydrocarbon fuels and alcohols for fuel cell applications

o New catalytic materials for jet fuel processing including deep desulfurization and hydrogenation

o Chemistry and stabilizers for advanced thermally stable jet fuels for high-Mach aircraft

o Capture of CO2 from flue gas of power plants

o Capture of H2S from reformate of hydrocarbon fuels for fuel cell applications

o Shape-selective catalysis over molecular sieves for value-added organic chemicals

o Computational analysis of reaction pathways in catalytic processes

o Computer simulation of molecular dynamics in pore channels of catalytic materials

o New catalytic materials for fuel and chemical processing and synthesis of organic chemicals

o Analytical characterization of catalytic materials and fuels

o Upgrading of coal, heavy oil, resid and coal-based liquid feedstocks to clean fuels

Personnel of CFCP

# Faculty Members and Support Staff Members

Prof. Chunshan Song, CFC Program Coordinator, EI & EGEE

Prof. Harold H. Schobert, Director, EI

Prof. David E. Vaughan, Materials Research Laboratory

Prof. Anthony J. Perrotta, Materials Research Laboratory

Prof. Paul B. Weisz, Chemical Engineering Dept.

Prof. Michael M. Coleman, Mat Sci. Eng. Dept.

Prof. Alan W. Scaroni, Head, EGEE Dept.

Mr. Bruce Miller, Associate Director, EI

Ms. Kelly Rhoades, Budget Aministration, EI

Dr. David Clifford, Analytical Facility Manager, EI

Mr. Ron Copenhaver, Senior Research Technologist, EI

Ms. Cindy Anders, Secretary, EI

# Research Team Members & Their Areas

Dr. Jonathan Mathews, Assistant Professor

Computational Analysis of Molecular Diffusion in Zeolite Catalysts

3-D Visulization of Hydrocarbons Confined in Molecular Sieves

Dr. Xiaoliang Ma, Research Associate

Computational Analysis of Molecular Interactions on Catalyst Surface

Computational Analysis of Reaction Pathways in Catalytic and Thermal Reactions

Dr. Jianping Shen, Research Associate

Shape-Selective Alkylation of Naphthalene over Molecular Sieve Catalysts

Shape-Selective Alkylation of Biphenyl over Molecular Sieve Catalysts

Dr. John M. Andresen, Assistant Professor

Hydrogen Transfer Reactions During Pyrolysis of Hydrocarbons and Jet Fuels

Hydrogen Donors for Jet Fuels

Dr. Jian Zheng, Postdoctoral Scholar

Steam reforming and CO2 reforming of Natural Gas over SupportedMetal Catalysts

Preparation and Characterization of Zeolite-Supported Metal Catalysts

Dr. Ivan Novochinski, Postdoctoral Scholar

Kinetics of H2S Adsorption on Metal Oxide Materials

gas-phase Removal of Sulfur Compounds in Natural Gas

Dr. Xiaochun Xu, Postdoctoral Scholar

Separation of CO2 from Flue Gas Mixtures by Adsorption

Synthesis and Applications of Mesoporous Molecular Sieve Materials

Dr. Jae Hyung Kim, Postdoctoral Scholar

Kinetics of Ultra-Deep Hydrodesulfurization of Refractory Sulfur (4,6-DMDBT) in Diesel Fuels

Comparative Studies of Novel Supported Transition Metal HDS Catalysts

Dr. Velu Subramani, Postdoctoral Scholar

Liquid-Phase Desulfurization of Transportation Fuels by Selective Adsorption

Ms. Lu Sun, Laboratory Research Assistant

Experimental Work on Desulfurization, Shape-Selective Alkylation, and Reforming of Methane

Characterization of Catalysts by BET, TGA and HPLC Analysis of Fuel Processing Products

# Students & Their Research Topics

Mr. Wei Pan, Graduate Student

CO2 and Steam Reforming of CH4 for Syngas Production over Supported Metal Catalysts

Mr. J. Jon Strohm, Graduate Student

Testing of Hydroaromatics and Cycloalkanes for Jet Fuel Stabilization at High Temperatures

Mr. Mike Sprague, Graduate Student

Low-Temperature Hydrogenation and Ring-Opening of Hydrocarbon Fuels

Ms. Weidong Gu, Graduate Student

Integrated Catalytic Processing of Alcohol Fuels to Produce Hydrogen for Fuel Cells

Mr. Shingo Watanabe, Graduate Student

Desulfurization of Transporation Fuels over Solid Adsorbent Materials

Mr. Brian Senger, Graduate Student

New catalysts for low-temperature hydrotreating

Ms. Elise Bickford, Graduate Student

Catalytic fuel processing for fuel cell applications

Ms. Jingyan Shao, Graduate Student

Shape-Selective Hydrogenation of PAHs for Synthesis of H-Donors as High-Temp Jet Fuel Stabilizers

# Recent Visiting Scientists from Overseas Organizations

Mr. Junichiro Kugai, Nippon Shokubai Company, Japan

Mr. June Abe, JGC Corporation, Japan

Mr. Selhan Selhan KARAGÖZ, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey

Dr. Xinwen Guo, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China

Mr. Gang Wang, Fushun Research Inst. Petroleum Processing, Fushun, China

Dr. Xiusong Zhao, University of Queensland, Australia

Prof. Miguel Portillo, University of Colima, Mexico

Mr. Zequn Yin, Fushun Research Inst. Petroleum Processing, Fushun, China

Dr. Satoru Murata, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

Prof. Kazuhiro Mae, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Dr. Yoshihiro Yoneyama, Toyama University, Toyama, Japan

Prof. Baoqing Li, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, China

Prof. Jianli Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, China

Mr. Boli Wei , Inst. of Thermal Energy, Anshan, China

Dr. Masahide Sasaki, Hokkaido National Industrial Research Institute, Japan

Experimental and Computational Facilities

CFCP has about 3000 square feet of laboratory space, with a wide range of laboratory-scale reactors, analytical and computational facilities. Access to the Materials Characterization Laboratory, which houses state-of-the-art spectroscopic facilities, and to the Materials Research Laboratory, which provides XRD and many other spectroscopic techniques, and to the faculty members in several related departments, add to the ACEL's capability to meet research needs.

Laboratory Reactors

Multiple tubular flow reactor system for adsorption desulfurization for fuel cells and refinery applications

Tubular flow reactor for reforming of natural gas to syngas and hydrogen

Tubular flow reactor for reforming of liquid alcohol fuels for fuel cells

Tubular flow reactor for reforming of liquid hydrocarbon fuels for fuel cells

Tubular flow reactor for conversion of CO in reformates for fuel cells

High-pressure fixed-bed gas-phase flow reactor

High-pressure fixed-bed liquid-phase flow reactor for hydroprocessing

Teflon-lined reactors and special ovens for synthesis of zeolite catalysts

High-pressure liquid-phase continuous-flow reactor

300 mL and 1000 mL stirred-tank autoclave reactors

25 mL-80 mL high-pressure batch micro-reactors

1000 mL multi-stage continuous flow stirred-tank reactor capable of high temperature and high pressure operations

Analytical Facilities

Low-Level sulfur Analyzers for Sulfur Analysis

High-Temperature/High-Pressure CIR FT-IR System for Catalyst Characterization

Tapered Element Oscillating microscope (TEOM) for Dynamic Characterizing Catalysts under Flow Reaction Conditions

Pulse Chemisorption and TPD/TPR Apparatus for Catalyst Characterization

Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) Coupled with Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

Capillary GCs with FID and TCD

Capillary GC with Sulfur-Specific PFPD

2D-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with PDD

High-Temperature Simulated Distillation GC

Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS NMR) and Liquid-state NMR

Computational Facilities

Silicon Graphics Computers

Molecular Simulations Inc. Softwares for Catalyst Research

CAChe Softwares for Computational Analysis of Catalysis

MOPAC Software for Quantum Chemical Analysis of Chemical Reactions

3-D Modeling and Visulization Softwares for Molecules and Chemical Reactions

Sponsors & Industrial Partners of Funded Research

U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory

U.S. Department of Defense, Wright Laboratory

U.S. Department of Defense, Air Force Office of Scientific Research

U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Advanced Research Project Agency

Air Products & Chemicals

Engelhard

ConocoPhillps

Altex Technologies

Berkshire Laboratories

Pittsburgh Applied Reasearch Corporation

United Refinery

Du Pont

Marathon Oil

Collaborators of CFCP Personnel

Dr. John N. Armor, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. , USA

Dr. Robert Farrauto, Engelhard Corporation, USA

Prof. S. Ted Oyama, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA

Dr. Anthony Cugini, National Energy Technology Laboratory, USA

Prof. Isao Mochida, Kyushu University, Japan

Prof. Muneyoshi Yamada, Tohoku University, Japan

Prof. A. Dick van Langeveld, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands

Prof. Harold H. Schobert, Pennsylvania State University, USA

Prof. Masakatsu Nomura, Osaka University, Japan

Dr. Yoshiharu Yoneyama, Toyama University, Japan

Prof. Kazuhiro Mae, Kyoto University, Japan

Prof. Xiusong Zhao, National University of Signapore

Dr. Masahide Sasaki, Hokkaido National Industrial Research Institute, Japan

Dr. Satoru Murata, Osaka University, Japan

Prof. Qiming Zhu, Tsinghua University, China

Prof. Baoqing Li, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

Prof. Jianli Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

Prof. Xiangsheng Wang, Dalian University of Technology, China

Prof. Xinwen Guo, Dalian University of Technology, China

Prof. Haoquan Hu, Dalian University of Technology, China

Selected Publications by CFCP Researchers

o Books and Journal Issues Edited

Song, C., A. M. Gaffney, and K. Fujimoto (Editors). CO2 Conversion and Utilization. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 809, 2002, 448 pp. [ISBN 0-8412-3747-6].

Maroto-Valer, M. M., C. Song, and Y. Soong (Editors). Environmental Challenges and Greenhouse Gas Control for Fossil Fuel Utilization in the 21st Century. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2002, 447 pp. [ISBN 0-306-47336-4].

Song, C., C. S. Hsu, and I. Mochida (Editors). Chemistry of Diesel Fuels. Taylor & Francis, New York, 2000, 294 pp. [ISBN 1-56032-845-2].

Song, C., J. M. Garces, and Y. Sugi (Editors). Shape-Selective Catalysis. Chemicals Synthesis and Hydrocarbon Processing. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, ACS Symposium Series 738, 1999, 410 pp. [ISBN 0-8412-3619-4].

Song, C., M. T. Klein, B. Johnson and J. Reynolds (Editors). Catalysis in Fuel Processing and Environmental Protection. Elsevier, Amsterdam (as Issue No. 1 of volume 50 of a serial publication Catalysis Today), published in March 1999, 172 pp.

Song, C., P. O'Connor, T. Takatsuka and T. Gardner (Editors). Advances in Catalysis and Processes for Heavy Oil Conversion. Elsevier, Amsterdam (as double issue No 3/4 in volume 43 of a serial publication Catalysis Today), Published in August 1998, 368 pp.

Song, C., M. Klein and J. Reynolds (Editors). Catalytic Conversion of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. Elsevier, Amsterdam (as volume 31 of a serial publication Catalysis Today), Published in September 1996, 188 pp.

o Selective Catalysis over Zeolites and Organic Chemicals Synthesis

Song, C. Selective Conversion of Polycyclic Hydrocarbons to Specialty Chemicals over Zeolite Catalysts. CatTech, 2002, 6 (2), 64-77.

Song, C. Recent Advances in Selective Conversion of Polycyclic Hydrocarbons into Specialty Chemicals over Zeolite Catalysts. Catalysis, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002, 16, 272-321.

Song, C. Shape-Selective Catalysis for Specialty Chemicals from Coal-Derived Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prep., 2002, 47 (1), 230-232.

Song, C. Specialty Aromatic Chemicals from Naphthalene and Biphenyl by Shape-Selective Catalysis. Proceedings of 1st International Aromatics Producers Conference. pp. 51-59. Held in conjunction with AIChE 2002 Spring National Meeting, New Orleans, March 11-14, 2002.

Shao, J. and C. Song. Regioselective Hydrogenation of 1-Naphthol over Supported Pt and Pd Catalysts for Producing High-Temperature Jet Fuel Stabilizer. Catalysis Today, 2001, 65 (1), 59-67.

Song, C. Shape-Selective Isopropylation of Naphthalene over H-Mordenite Catalysts for Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of 2,6-Dialkylnaphthalene. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Series IIC Chemistry, 2000, 3 (6), 477 496.

Shen, J.-P., L. Sun and C. Song. Shape Selective Synthesis of 4,4'-Dimethylbiphenyl. 1. Methylation of 4-Methybiphenyl over Modified Zeolite Catalysts. Catal Lett., 2000, 65 (1-3), 147-151.

Shao, J., G. Holtzer and C. Song. Regioselective Hydrogenation of 1-Naphthol over Carbon-Supported Pt and Pd Catalysts for Making Jet Fuel Stabilizers. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prep., 2000, 45 (1), 18-21.

Shen, J.-P., L. Sun and C. Song. Novel Shape-Selective Catalysts for Synthesis of 4,4'-Dimethylbiphenyl. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 2000, 130 (C), 3023-3028.

Song, C., X. Ma, A. D. Schmitz, and H. H. Schobert. Shape-Selective Isopropylation of Naphthalene over Mordenite Catalysts. Computational Analysis Using MOPAC. Applied Catalysis A: General, 1999, 182 (1), 175-181.

Song, C., and A. D. Schmitz. Shape-Selective Isopropylation of Naphthalene over Hydrogen-Mordenite Catalysts. Effect of Mordenite Dealumination. J. Japan Petrol. Inst., 1999, 42 (5), 287-298.

Song, C., J. M. Garces, and Y. Sugi. Introduction to Shape-Selective Catalysis. In Shape-Selective Catalysis. Chemicals Synthesis and Hydrocarbon Processing. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 738, Edited by C. Song, J. M. Garces and Y. Sugi. ACS: Washington DC, 1999, Chapter 1, pp. 1-17.

Song, C. Recent Progress in Selective Catalytic Conversion of Polycyclic Hydrocarbons over Zeolite Catalysts. In Shape Selective Catalysis. Chemicals Synthesis and Hydrocarbon Processing. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 738, Edited by C. Song, J. M. Garces and Y. Sugi. ACS: Washington DC, 1999, Chapter 17, pp. 248-259.

Song, C. Recent Advances in Shape-Selective Catalysis over Zeolites for Synthesis of Specialty Chemicals. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 1998, 113, 163-186.

Song, C. and J.-P. Shen. Shape-Selective Methylation for Production of 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene Over Molecular Sieve Catalysts. Pennsylvania State University, PSU Invention Disclosure No. 98-1948, July 6, 1998.

Song, C., A. D. Schmitz and K. M. Reddy. Effect of Dealumination of Mordenite Catalysts on Shape-Selective Isopropylation of Naphthalene. Proc. 12th Internat. Zeolite Conf., July 5-10, 1998, Baltimore, U.S.A., Vol. 2, pp. 1133-1140.

Song, C. and A. Schmitz. Shape-Selective Isopropylation of Biphenyl over H-Mordenite. Effect of Catalyst Dealumination and Water Addition. 15th North Am. Catal. Soc. Meet., Technical Program, Chicago, May 18-22, 1997, p.159.

Schmitz, A. and C. Song. Shape-Selective Isopropylation of Naphthalene over Dealuminated Mordenites. Enhancing b,b-Selectivity by Water Addition. Catalysis Letters, 1996, 40 (1), 59-65.

Schmitz, A. and C. Song. Shape-Selective Isopropylation of Naphthalene. Reactivity of 2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene over Dealuminated Mordenite Catalysts. Catalysis Today 1996, 31 (1), 19-25.

Schmitz, A., G. Bowers, and C. Song. Shape-Selective Hydrogenation of Naphthalene over Zeolite-Supported Pt and Pd Catalysts. Catalysis Today, 1996, 31 (1), 45-56.

Lai, W.-C., C. Song, A.van Duin, and J.W. de Leeuw. Ring-Shift Isomerization of sym-Octahydrophenanthrene into sym-Octahydroanthracene. Effects of Zeolite Catalysts and Equilibrium Compositions. Catalysis Today, 1996, 31 (1), 145-161.

Lai, W.-C., and C. Song. Conformational Isomerization of cis-Decahydronaphthalene over Zeolite Catalysts. Catalysis Today, 1996, 31 (1), 171-181.

Song, C. Zeolite-Catalyzed Isomerization of sym-Octahydrophenanthrene to sym-Octahydroanthracene. U.S. Patent, 5,523,505, June 4, 1996.

Song, C., A. Schmitz and W.-C. Lai. Shape-Selective Hydrogenation of Naphthalene over Zeolite Catalysts. Pennsylvania State University, PSU Invention Disc. No. 96-1600, April 24, 1996.

Song, C. and A. Schmitz. Shape-Selective Isopropylation of Naphthalene over Dealuminated Mordenites. Pennsylvania State University, PSU Invention Disc. No. 96-1585, March 28, 1996.

Guo, J., J.-P. Shen, D. Jiang and E. Min. Catalytic Oxidation of Cyclohexane with Molecular Oxygen by Polyoxometalate-Intercalated Hydro-talcites. Catal. Lett., 1996, 40,43

Shen, J.-P., J. Ma, D. Jiang and E. Min. Selective Synthesis of Ethylamine over b Zeolite. Catal. Lett. 1994, 26, 291

Song, C. and S. Kirby. Shape-Selective Alkylation of Naphthalene with Isopropanol over Mordenite Catalysts. Microporous Materials, Elsevier, 1994, 2 (5), 467-476.

Song, C. and K. Moffatt. Zeolite-Catalyzed Ring-Shift Isomerization of sym-Octahydrophenanthrene and Conformational Isomerization of cis-Decahydronaphthalene. Microporous Materials, Elsevier, 1994, 2 (5), 459-466.

o Synthesis of Catalytic Materials & Their Applications

Zhao, X. S.; M. G.Q. Lu, and C. Song. Immobilization of Aluminum Chloride on MCM-41 as a new catalyst System for Liquid-Phase Isopropylation of Naphthalene. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 2002, in press.

Xu, X., U. T. Turaga, and C. Song. Novel Applications of Mesoporous Molecular Sieve MCM-41. Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Solvo-Thermal Reactions, East Brunswick, New Jersey, July 22-26, 2002, pp. 135-138.

Song, C., Y. Yoneyama and K. M. Reddy. A Novel Method for Preparing A Highly Active, Unsupported High-Surface-Area MoS2 Catalyst. U.S. Patent, 6,156,693, Issue date: December 5, 2000 (Assigned to Penn State Research Foundation).

Sasaki, M., C. Song and M. A. Plummer. Transition Metal Tetrachloroaluminate Catalysts For Probe Reactions Simulating Petroleum Resids Upgrading. Fuel, 2000, 79 (3), 295-303.

Yoneyama, Y. and C. Song. A New Method for Preparing Highly Active Unsupported Mo Sulfide. Catalytic Activity for Hydrogenolysis of 4-(1-Naphthylmethyl)bibenzyl. Catalysis Today, 1999, 50 (1), 19-27.

Song, C. and K. M. Reddy. Mesoporous Molecular Sieve MCM-41 Supported Co-Mo Catalyst for Hydrodesulfurization of Dibenzothiophene in Distillate Fuels. Applied Catalysis A: General, 1999, 176 (1), 1-10.

Reddy, K. M. and C. Song. Mesoporous Molecular Sieve MCM-41 Supported Pt and Pd Catalysts for Low-Temperature Hydrogenation of Aromatics in Distillate Fuels. In "Designing Transportation Fuels for a Cleaner Environment". Edited by J. G. Reynolds and M. R. Khan. Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia, 1999, Chapter 15, pp. 173-185.

Song, C. Sulfur-Resistant Noble Metal Catalysts Based on Shape-Selective Exclusion and Hydrogen Spillover. In Shape-Selective Catalysis. Chemicals Synthesis and Hydrocarbon Processing. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 738, Edited by C. Song, J. M. Garces and Y. Sugi. ACS: Washington DC, 1999, Chapter 27, pp. 381-390.

Song, C., Y. Yoneyama and K. M. Reddy. A Novel Method for Preparing High Surface Area Molybdenum Sulfide. Pennsylvania State University, PSU Invention Disclosure No. 98-1947, July 6, 1998.

Reddy, K. M. and C. Song. Effect of Al Sources on the Synthesis and Acidic Characteristics of Mesoporous Aluminosilicates of MCM-41 Type. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 1998, 117, 291-299.

Reddy, K. M., B. Wei and C. Song. Mesoporous Molecular Sieve MCM-41 Supported Co-Mo Catalyst for Hydrodesulfurization of Petroleum Resids. Catalysis Today, 1998, in press.

Song, C., K. M. Reddy and Y. Yoneyama. A New Method for Preparing Unsupported High-Surface-Area MoS2 Catalyst. Spectroscopic Characterization. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1998, 43 (4), 563-566.

Sasaki, M., C. Song and M. A. Plummer. Transition Metal Tetrachloroaluminate Catalysts For Probe Reactions Simulating Petroleum Resids Upgrading. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 1998, 43 (3), 552-557.

Yoneyama, Y., C. Song and K. M. Reddy. A Novel Method for Preparing Highly Active Unsupported Mo Sulfide Catalyst. Hydrocracking of 4-(1-Naphthylmethyl)bibenzyl. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1997, 42 (3), 550-554.

Reddy, K.M. and C. Song. Synthesis and Acidic Characteristics of Novel Mesoporous Zeolites. 15th North Am. Catal. Soc. Meet., Poster Program, Chicago, May 18-22, 1997, p.13.

Reddy, K. M. and C. Song. Synthesis and Catalytic Applications of Novel Mesoporous Aluminosilicate Molecular Sieves. Mater. Res. Soc. Sym. Proc. Ser., 1997, 454, 125-137.

Yoneyama, Y. and C. Song. Promoting Effect of Water on In-Situ Generated MoS2 Catalyst for Hydrogenation and C-O Bond Cleavage of Dinaphthyl Ether. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 1997, 42 (1), 52-55.

Reddy, K. M. and C. Song. Synthesis of Mesoporous Molecular Sieves: Influence of Aluminum Source on Al Incorporation in MCM-41. Catalysis Letters, 1996, 36 (1), 103-109.

Reddy, K. M., and C. Song. Synthesis of Mesoporous Zeolites and Their Application for Catalytic Conversion of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Catalysis Today, 1996, 31 (1), 137-144.

Shen, J.-P., D. Jiang and E. Min. Synthesis of mordenite single crystals using two silica sources. Zeolites, 1995, 15, 745

Song, C., D. S. Parfitt, and H. H. Schobert. Bimetallic Dispersed Catalysts from Molecular Precursors Containing Mo-Co-S for Coal Liquefaction. Energy & Fuels, 1994, 8 (2), 313-319.

o Catalytic Fuel Processing and Environmental Protection

Turaga, U. T., and C. Song. MCM-41-Supported Co-Mo Catalysts for Deep Hydrodesulfurization of Light Cycle Oil-Based Real Feedstock. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prep., 2002, 47(2), 457-459.

Turaga, U. T., and C. Song. MCM-41-Supported Co-Mo Catalysts for Deep Hydrodesulfurization of Light Cycle Oil. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prep., 2002, 47 (1), 97-99.

Turaga, U. T., G. Wang, X. Ma, C. Song, and H. H. Schobert. Influence of Nitrogen on Deep Hydrodesulfurization of 4,6-Dimethyldibenzothiophene. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prep., 2002, 47 (1), 89-92.

Sprague, M., J. Zheng,, and C. Song. Effect of Sulfur Removal from Naphthalene on Its Hydrogenation over Mordenite-Supported Pd Catalyst. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prep., 2002, 47 (2), 103-105.

Zheng, J., M. Sprague, C. Song. Unique Sulfur-Resistance of Mordenite-Supported Pd Catalyst for Hydrogenation of Naphthalene in the Presence of Sulfur. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prep., 2002, 47 (2), 100-102.

Song, C., C. S. Hsu, and I. Mochida (Editors). Chemistry of Diesel Fuels. Taylor & Francis, New York, 2000, 294 pp.

Song, C. Designing Sulfur-Resistant, Noble-Metal Hydrotreating Catalysts. Chemtech, 1999, 29 (3), 26-30.

Song, C. A Proposed New Approach to Design of Noble Metal Catalysts for Simultaneous Deep Hydrogenation and Deep Hydrodesulfurization of Diesel Fuels. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1998, 43 (4), 573-574.

Song, C., K. M. Reddy and H. Leta. Mesoporous Zeolite-Supported Co-Mo Catalyst for Diesel Fuel Desulfurization. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1998, 43 (4), 534-538.

Srinivas, S.T. and P. Kanta Rao. Synthesis, Characterization and Acitivity Studies of Carbon Supported Platinum Alloy Catalysts. J. Catal., 1998, 178, in press.

Srinivas, S. T. , P. S. Sai Prasad. Effect of Chlorobenzene Modification on the Chlorobenzene Hydrodechlorination Activity on Pt/Al2O3 Catalysts. Catal. Lett., 50, 77, 1998.

Song, C. and A. D. Schmitz. Zeolite-Supported Pd and Pt Catalysts for Low-Temperature Hydrogenation of Naphthalene in the Absence and Presence of Benzothiophene. Energy & Fuels, 1997, 11 (3), 656-661.

Srinivas, S. T., L. Jhansi Lakshmi, P. S. Sai Prasad, S. S. Madhavendra and P. Kanta Rao. Effect of Preparation Method on the Dispersion and Activity of V2O5-Al2O3 Catalysts. J. Mater. Sci., 1997, 32.

Lin, S.D., and C. Song. Noble Metal Catalysts for Low-Temperature Naphthalene Hydrogenation in Prestheence of Benzothiophene. Catalysis Today, 1996, 31 (1), 93-104.

Schmidt, E., C. Song, and H. H. Schobert. Hydrotreatment of 4-(1-Naphthylmethyl)bibenzyl in the Presence of Iron Catalysts and Sulfur. Energy & Fuels, 1996, 10 (3), 597-602.

Kirby, S., C. Song, and H. Schobert. Hydrodeoxygenation of O-Containing Polycyclic Model Compounds Using A Novel Organometallic Catalyst Precursor. Catalysis Today, 1996, 31 (1), 121-135.

Cooke, W. S., Schmidt, E., C. Song, and H. H. Schobert. Reaction of Dibenzothiophene with Hydrogen in the Presence of Selected Molybdenum, Iron, and Cobalt Compounds. Energy & Fuels, 1996, 10 (3), 591-596.

Ma, X., K. Sakanishi and I. Mochida. Hydrodesulfurization Reactivites of Various Sulfur Compounds in Vacuum Gas Oil. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 2487-2494.

Ma, X., K. Sakanishi, T. Isoda and I. Mochida. Comparison of Sulfided CoMo/Al2O3 and NiMo/Al2O3 Catalysts in Hydrodesulfurization of Gas Oil Fractions and Model Compounds. Hydrotreating Technology for Pollution Control: catalysts, catalysis, and Processes, 1996, Marcel Dekker, Inc. 183-195.

Ma, X., K. Sakanishi, T. Isoda and I. Mochida. Hydrodesulfurization Reactivities of Narrow-Cut Fractions in a Gas Oil. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1995, 34, 748-754.

Ma, X., K. Sakanishi and I. Mochida. Hydrodesulfurization Reactivities of Various Sulfur Compounds in Diesel Fuel. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1994, 33, 218-222.

Ma, X., K. Sakanishi and I. Mochida. Three-stage Deep Hydrodesulfurization and Decolorization of Diesel Fuel with CoMo and NiMo Catalysts at Relatively Low Pressure. Fuel, 1994, 73, 1667-1671.

Ma, X., K. Sakanishi and I. Mochida. Three-stage Deep Hydrodesulfurization of Diesel Fuel under 30 kg/cm2 H2 Pressure without Color Development. J. Jpn. Pet. Inst., 1993, 36, 145-148.

Ma, X., K. Sakanishi, T. Isoda and I. Mochida. Comparison of Sulfided CoMo/Al2O3 and NiMo/Al2O3 Catalysts in Deep Hydrodesulfurization of Gas Oil Fractions. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Pet. Chem. Prepr., 1994, 39, 622-626.

Srinivas, S. T. and P. Kanta Rao. Direct Observation of Hydrogen Spillover on Carbon-Supported Platinum and Its Influence on the Hydrogenation of Benzene. J. Catal., 1994, 148, 470.

Reddy, B. M., E. P. Reddy and S. T. Srinivas. Dispersion and Activity of Molybdena-Alumina Catalysts Prepared by Impregnation and Solid/Solid Wetting Methods. J. Catal., 1992, 136, 50.

o Adsorption Desulfurization for Ultra-Clean Fuels and Fuel Cells

Song, C. and X. Ma. New Design Approaches to Ultra-Clean Diesel Fuels by Deep Desulfurization and Deep Dearomatization. Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 2002, in press.

Ma, X., L. Sun and C. Song. A New Approach to Deep Desulfurization of Gasoline, Diesel Fuel and Jet Fuel by Selective Adsorption for Ultra-Clean Fuels and for Fuel Cell Applications. Catalysis Today, 2002, in press.

Song, C. Catalysis and Chemistry for Deep Desulfurization of Gasoline and Diesel Fuels: An Overview. Keynote Paper. Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Refinery processing, pp.3-12; Held in conjunction with AIChE 2002 Spring National Meeting, New Orleans, March 11-14, 2002.

Song, C. Song (1). New Approaches to Deep Desulfurization for Ultra-Clean Gasoline and Diesel Fuels: An Overview. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prep., 2002, 47(2), 438-444

Ma, X., M. Sprague, L. Sun, and C. Song. Deep Desulfurizatin of Gasoline by SARS Process Using Adsorbent for Fuel Cells. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prep., 2002, 47(2), 452-453.

Velu, S., X. Ma and C. Song. Zeolite-Based Adsorbent for Desulfurizatin of Jet Fuel by Selective Adsorption. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prep., 2002, 47(2), 447-448.

Ma, X., M. Sprague, L. Sun, and C. Song. Deep Desulfurization of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Selective Adsorption for Fuel Cell Applications. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prep., 2002, 47 (1), 48-49.

Ma, X., L. Sun, Z. Yin and C. Song. New Approaches to Deep Desulfurization of Diesel Fuel, Jet Fuel, and Gasoline by Adsorption for Ultra-Clean Fuels and for Fuel Cell Applications. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 2001, 46 (2), 648-649.

Novochinskii, I., X. Ma, C. Song, J. Lambert, L. Shore, and R. Farrauto. A ZnO-Based Sulfur Trap for H2S Removal from Reformate of Hydrocarbons for Fuel Cell Applications. Proceedings of Topical Conference on Fuel Cell Technology: Opportunities and Challenges. pp. 98-105; Held in conjunction with AIChE 2002 Spring National Meeting, New Orleans, March 11-14, 2002.

o Reforming of Hydrocarbons & Alcohols for Syngas/H2 and Fuel Cell Applications

Song, C. Fuel Processing for Low-Temperature and High-Temperature Fuel Cells. Challenges, and Opportunities for Sustainable Development in the 21st Century. Catalysis Today, 2002, in press.

Shen, J.-P. and C. Song. Influence of Preparation Method on Performance of Cu/Zn-based Catalysts for LowTemperature Steam Reforming and Oxidative Steam Reforming of Methanol for H2 Production for Fuel Cells. Catalysis Today, 2002, in press.

Song, C. Catalytic Fuel Processing for Low- and High-Temperature Fuel Cell Applications. Challenges and Opportunities. Review Paper. Proceedings of Topical Conference on Fuel Cell Technology: Opportunities and Challenges. pp. 125-135; Held in conjunction with AIChE 2002 Spring National Meeting, New Orleans, March 11-14, 2002.

Zheng, J., W. Pan, and C. Song. Effect of Pre-reduction on Carbon Formation during Steam Reforming of Methane over promoted and Unpromoted Ni/Al2O3 Catalysts. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prep., 2002, 47 (1), 245-247.

Song, C. Catalytic Fuel Processing for Fuel Cell Applications. Challenges and Opportunities. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prep., 2001, 46 (1), 8-13.

Shen J.-P. and C. Song (2). Catalyst for Low-Temperature Reforming of Methanol for Fuel Cell Applications. Influence of Metal Precursor on Performance of Cu/ZnO-Al2O3 Catalysts. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 2001, 46 (2), 667-668.

Song, C. Tri-reforming: A New Process Concept for Syngas Generation Using CO2-Rich Natural Gas. Proceedings of 2nd Topical Conference on Natural Gas Utilization. pp. 402-410. Held in conjunction with AIChE 2002 Spring National Meeting, New Orleans, March 11-14, 2002.

Srimat, S. T., W. Pan, C. Song, and J. N. Armor. Dynamic Characterization of Carbon Formation during CO2 Reforming and Steam Reforming of CH4 Using Oscillating Microbalance. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prep., 2001, 46 (1-2), in press.

Pan, W.; Srimat, S. T.; Song, C.; Armor, J. N.. Carbon Formation in CO2 Reforming of CH4 at Elevated Pressures. Dynamic Characterization Using Oscillating Microbalance. North American Catalysis Society Meetung, Toroto, Canada, June 2001.

o CO2 Capture, Conversion (Reforming) & Utilization (Syngas)

Xu, X., C. Song, J. M. Andresen, B. G. Miller and A. W. Scaroni. Novel Polyethyleneimine-Modified Mesoporous Molecular Sieve of MCM-41 Type as Adsorbent for CO2 Capture. Energy & Fuels, 2002, in press.

Xu, X., J. M. Andrésen, C. Song, B. Miller and A. W. Scaroni. Preparation of Novel CO2 Molecular Basket" of Polymer-Modified MCM-41. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prep., 2002, 47 (1), 67-68.

Song C. CO2 Conversion and Utilization: An Overview. In "CO2 Conversion and Utilization". ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 809, Edited by C. Song; A. M. Gaffney; K. Fujimoto. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 2002, Chapter 1, pp. 2-30.

Song, C., S. T. Srimat, S. Murata, W. Pan, L. Sun, A. W. Scaroni and J. N. Armor. Effects of Pressure on CO2 Reforming of CH4 over Ni/Na-Y and Ni/Al2O3 Catalysts. In "CO2 Conversion and Utilization". ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 809, Edited by C. Song; A. M. Gaffney; K. Fujimoto. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 2002, Chapter 17, pp. 258-274.

Srimat, S. T. and C. Song. Effects of Pressure on CO2 Reforming of CH4 over over Rh/Na-Y and Rh/Al2O3 Catalysts. In "CO2 Conversion and Utilization". ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 809, Edited by C. Song; A. M. Gaffney; K. Fujimoto. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 2002, Chapter 19, pp. 289-302.

Pan, W. and C. Song. Computational Analysis of Energy Aspects of CO2 Reforming and Oxy-CO2 Reforming of Methane at Different Pressures. In "CO2 Conversion and Utilization". ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 809, Edited by C. Song; A. M. Gaffney; K. Fujimoto. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 2002, Chapter 21, pp. 316-329.

Song, C., W. Pan and S. T. Srimat. Tri-reforming of Natural Gas Using CO2 in Flue Gas of Power Plants without CO2 Pre-separation for Production of Synthesis Gas with Desired H2/CO Ratios. In "Environmental Challenges and Greenhouse Gas Control for Fossil Fuel Utilization in the 21st Century". Edited by M. M. Maroto-Valer, C. Song, and Y. Soong. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2002, Chapter 18, pp. 247-267.

Mahajan, D., C. Song, and A. W. Scaroni. Catalytic Reduction of CO2 into Liquid Fuels: Simulating Reactions under Geological Formation Conditions. In "CO2 Conversion and Utilization". ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 809, Edited by C. Song; A. M. Gaffney; K. Fujimoto. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 2002, Chapter 11, pp. 166-181.

Xu, X., C. Song , J. M. Andrésen, B. Miller and A. W. Scaroni. Adsorption Separation of CO2 from Simulated Flue Gas by Novel Mesoporous "Molecular Basket" Adsorbent. Proceedings of 19th International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, September 23-27, 2002 [ISBN 1-890977-19-7, CD-ROM], Paper No. 39-2.

Xu, X., J. M. Andrésen, C. Song, B. Miller and A. W. Scaroni. Novel Adsorbent for CO2 Capture Based on Polymer-Modified Mesoporous Molecular Sieve of MCM-41 Type. Abstract accepted for oral presentation, and manuscript to be submitted for publication in the Proceedings of 18th International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Newcastle, NSW, Australia, December 3-7, 2001 [ISBN 1-890977-18-7, CD-ROM], Paper No. 17-2.

Pan, W., J. Zheng, and C. Song. Catalytic Tri-reforming of Methane Using Flue Gas from Fossil Fuel-based Power Plants. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prep., 2002, 47 (1), 262-264.

Song, C. Tri-reforming: A New Process for Reducing CO2 Emissions. Chemical Innovation (formerly Chemtech, ACS), 2001, 31 (1), 21-26.

Song, C. A Proposed Tri-Reforming Concept for Syngas Production Using CO2 in Flue Gas of Electric Power Plants. Proceedings of 17th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, September 11-15, 2000 [ISBN" 1-890977-17-9], Paper No. 6-2.

Song, C. Tri-reforming: A New Process Concept for Effective Conversion and Utilization of CO2 in Flue Gas from Electric Power Plants. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prep., 2000, 45 (4), 772-776.

Song, C. A Proposed Concept for CO2-Based Tri-generation of Chemicals, Fuels and Electricity. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prep., 2000, 45 (1), 159-163.

Pan, W. and C. Song. Computational Analysis of Energy Aspects of CO2 Reforming and Oxy-CO2 Reforming of Methane at High Pressure. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prep., 2000, 45 (1), 168-171.

Mahajan, D., C. Song and A. W. Scaroni. Micro-Reactor Study on Catalytic Reduction of CO2 into Liquid Fuels: Simulating Reactions under Geologic Formation Conditions. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prep., 2000, 45 (1), 79-81.

Song, C., S. T. Srimat, L. Sun and J. N. Armor. Comparison of high-pressure and Atmospheric-pressure Reactions for CO2 Reforming of CH4 over Ni/Na-Y and Ni/Al2O3 Catalysts. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prep., 2000, 45 (1), 143-148.

Srimat, S. T. and C. Song. Effects of Pressure on CO2 Reforming of CH4 over Rh Catalysts. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prep. , 2000, 45 (1), 153-156.

Srimat, S. T. C. Song, W. Pan and L. Sun. Characterization of carbon deposits on supported Ni and Rh catalysts used for high-pressure CO2 reforming of CH4. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prep. , 2000, 45 (2), 348-351.

Song, C. Chemicals, Fuels and Electricity Co-generated from Coal. A Proposed Concept for Utilization of CO2 from Power Plants. Proceedings of 16th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, October 11-15, 1999, Paper No. 16-5.

Srinivas, S. T., L. Sun and C. Song. Modified Pt/Al2O3 Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane at Atmospheric Pressure. Proceedings of 16th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, October 11-15, 1999, Paper No. 26-3

Srinivas, S.T., S. Murata, L. Sun and C. Song. Activity of Zeolite Supported Ni Catalysts in CO2 Reforming of CH4. Poster Program, 16th North American Catalysis Society Meeting, May 30-June 4, 1999, Boston, Paper No. PI-026.

Song, C., S. Murata, S. T. Srinivas, L. Sun and A. W. Scaroni. CO2 Reforming of CH4 over Zeolite-Supported Ni Catalysts for Syngas Production. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1999, 44 (2), 160-164.

o Jet Fuel Thermal Stability & Hydrocarbon Pyrolysis

Strohm, J. J., S. Butnark, T. L. Keyser, J. M. Andrésen, M. Badger, H. H. Schobert and C. Song. The Use of Coal Pyrolysis Products for the Development of Thermally Stable Jet Fuels. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prep., 2002, 47 (1), 177-178.

Andrésen, J. M., J. J. Strohm, T. L. Keyser, and C. Song, H. H. Schobert and S. Butnark. Hydrotreated Pyrolysis-Derived Coal Liquids as Candidates for Thermally Stable jet Fuels in the Autoxidative and Pyrolytic Regimes. Abstract accepted for oral presentation, and manuscript to be submitted for publication in the Proceedings of 18th International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Newcastle, Australia, December 3-7, 2001 [ISBN 1-890977-18-7, CD-ROM], Paper No. 24-5.

Andresen, J., J. J. Strohm, and C. Song. Coal Derived Chemicals as Benign Thermal Stabilizers for Jet Fuels. Proceedings of 17th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, September 11-15, 2000 [ISBN" 1-890977-17-9], Paper No. 20-5.

Strohm, J.J., J.M. Andrésen, and C Song (2). Effect of Hydrogen Donor on the Thermal Stability of Paraffinic Jet Fuels Compared with Naphthenic Jet Fuels under Oxidative and Non-oxidative Flow Conditions. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prep., 2000, 45 (3), 449-453.

Andrésen, J. M., J.J. Strohm, M. M. Coleman, and C Song (2). Comparison of Synergistic Effects of Hybrid Hydrogen Donors Towards Stabilization of Paraffinic Jet Fuels in the Pyrolytic Regimnes under Batch and Flow Conditions. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prep., 2000, 45 (3), 454-458.

Strohm, J.J., J.M. Andrésen, and C Song (2). Elucidation of Oxygenated Intermediates from Naphthenic and Paraffinic Jet Fuels in the Autoxidative and Pyrolytic Regimes. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prep., 2000, 45 (3), 465-469.

Sobkowiak, M., R. Yang, C. Song (3), M. M. Coleman, and B. Beaver. The Oxidative Susceptibility of High Temperature Stable Jet Fuels: Ramifications and Strategies. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prep., 2000, 45 (3), 470-473.

Andrésen, J. M., J.J. Strohm, L. Sun, and C. Song (2). Study on the Formation of Aromatic Compounds during Thermal Degradation of Naphthenic Jet Fuels in the Pyrolytic Regime by NMR and HPLC. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prep., 2000, 45 (3), 478-483.

Andrésen, J.M., J.J. Strohm, and C Song. Alkylated Intermediate of Cyclo-alkanes for Stabilization of Paraffinic Jet Fuels under Pyrolytic Conditions. Am. Chem. Soc.-Div. Fuel Chem. Prep., 1999, 44 (3), 562-566.

Andrésen, J.M., J.J. Strohm, M. M. Coleman, and C Song. Syndergistic Effects of Hybrid Hydrogen Donors Towards Stabilization of Paraffinic Jet Fuels in the Pyrolytic Regime. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prep., 1999, 44 (3), 557-561.

Strohm, J.J., J. M. Andrésen and C Song. Characterization and Pyrolytic Performance of Hydrotreated Derivatives from a Light Cycle Oil for Advanced Jet Fuel Applications. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prep., 1999, 44 (3), 386-390.

Andrésen, J. M., J. J. Strohm, M. M. Coleman and C. Song. Suppression of Pyrolytic Degradation of n-Alkanes in Jet Fuels by Hydrogen-Donors. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel. Chem. Prepr., 1999, 44 (1), 194-198.

Andrésen, J. M., J. J. Strohm, and C. Song. Chemical Interactions between Linear and Cyclic Alkanes During Pyrolytic Degradation of Jet Fuels. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel. Chem. Prepr., 1999, 44 (1), 199-203.

Andresen, J. M., J. J. Strohm and C. Song. Thermal Stability of Naphthenic Jet Fuels and Effects of Hydrotreating. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1998, 43 (3), 412-414.

Song, C. and W.-C. Lai. Chemistry for Thermal Degradation of Bicyclic Hydrocarbon Components of Jet Fuels in Pyrolytic Regime. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1998, 43 (3), 462-466.

Coleman, M. M., Sobkowiak, M., Fearnley, S. P. and C. Song. Hydrogen Donors as High Temperature (>400 °C) Stabilizers for Jet Fuels-A Dilemma. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1998, 43 (3), 353-356.

Venkataraman, A., C. Song, and M. M. Coleman. Effects of Hydrogen Donor Concentration on the Thermal Decomposition of n-Tetradecane at 450°C. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1998, 43 (3), 364-367.

Selvaraj, L., J. Stallman, C. Song, and M. M. Coleman. In Situ Regeneration of the Thermal Stabilizer Benzyl Alcohol via Ethanol in Jet Fuels above 400°C. Fuel Processing Technology, 1997, 50 (2), 153-162.

Lai, W.-C. and C. Song. Pyrolysis of Alkylcyclohexanes In or Near Supercritical Phase. Product Distribution and Reaction Pathways. Fuel Processing Technology, 1996, 48 (1), 1-27.

Yoon, E., L. Selvaraj, C. Song, J. Stallman, and M. M. Coleman. High Temperature Stabilizers for Jet Fuels and Similar Hydrocarbon Mixtures. 1. Comparative Studies of Hydrogen Donors. Energy & Fuels, 1996, 10 (3), 806-811.

Lai, W.-C., and C. Song. Supercritical- and Gas-Phase Pyrolysis of n-Tetradecane at 450°C. Effects of Reactant and Inert Gas Pressure. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1996, 41 (2), 502-507.

Lai, W.-C., and C. Song. Reactive Structure Index for Correlation of High Temperature Thermal Stability of Saturated Hydrocarbons. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1996, 41 (2), 524-528.

Selvaraj, L., M. Sobkowiak, C. Song, J. Stallman, and M.M. Coleman. A Model System for the Study of Additives Designed to Enhance the Stability of Jet Fuels at Temperatures Above 400°C. Energy & Fuels, 1994, 8 (4), 839-845.

Song, C., W.-C. Lai, and H. H. Schobert. Hydrogen-Transferring Pyrolysis of Long-Chain Alkanes and Thermal Stability Improvement of Jet Fuels by Hydrogen Donors. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1994, 33 (3), 548-557.

Song, C., W.-C. Lai, and H. H. Schobert. Condensed-Phase Pyrolysis of n-Tetradecane at Elevated Pressures for Long Duration. Product Distribution and Reaction Mechanisms. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1994, 33 (3), 534-547.

Coleman, M. M., H. H. Schobert and C. Song. A New Generation of Jet Fuels. Chemistry in Britain, Royal Chem. Soc., 1993, 29 (9), 760-763.

Song, C., S. Eser, H.H. Schobert, and P.G. Hatcher. Pyrolytic Degradation Studies of a Coal-Derived and a Petroleum-Derived Aviation Jet Fuel. Energy & Fuels, 1993, 7 (2), 234-243.

Lai, W.-C., C. Song, H. H. Schobert., and R. Arumugam. Pyrolytic Degradation of Coal- and Petroleum-Derived Aviation Jet Fuels and Middle Distillates. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 1992, 37 (4), 1671-1680.

Song, C., Y. Peng, H. Jiang, and H. H. Schobert. On the Mechanisms of PAH and Solid Formation during Thermal Degradation of Jet Fuels. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1992, 37 (2), 484-492.

Song, C., S. Eser, H. H. Schobert, and P. G. Hatcher,. Thermal Stability of Petroleum- and Coal-Derived Jet Fuels at High Temperatures. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1992, 37 (2), 540-547.

o Computer Simulation and Computational Analysis

Ma, X. and H. H. Schobert. Molecular Simulation on Hydrodesulfurization of Thiophenic Compounds over MoS2 Using ZINDO. J. Mol. Catal., 2000, 160, 409-427.

Song, C., X. Ma, and H. H. Schobert. Computational Analysis for Shape-Selective Alkylation of Naphthalene over Zeolite Catalysts. In Shape-Selective Catalysis. Chemicals Synthesis and Hydrocarbon Processing. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 738, Edited by C. Song, J. M. Garces and Y. Sugi. ACS: Washington DC, 1999, Chapter 22, pp. 305-321.

Pan, W., Srinivas T. Srimat, and C. Song. CO2 Reforming and Steam Reforming of Methane at Elevated Pressures. A Computational Thermodynamic Study. Proceedings of 16th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, October 11-15, 1999, Paper No. 26-2.

Ma, X. and H. H. Schobert. Computational Modeling on Hydrodesulfurization of Thiophenic Compounds on MoS2 and Ni-promoted MoS2. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Pet. Chem. Prepr., 1998, 43, 24-27.

Song, C., X. Ma, A. D. Schmitz, and H. H. Schobert. Shape-Selective Isopropylation of Naphthalene over Mordenite Catalysts. Computational Analysis Using MOPAC. . Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1998, 43 (2), 280-284.

Song, C., X. Ma, E. Schmidt, Y. Yoneyama, and H. H. Schobert. Computer-Aided Reaction Pathway Analysis for Hydrocracking of 4-(1-Naphthylmethyl)bibenzyl over Mo and Fe Catalysts. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1997, 42 (3), 674-677.

Ma, X. and H. H. Schobert. Hydrodesulfurization of Thiophenic Compounds on MoS2: A Computational Study Using ZINDO. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 1997, 42, 48-51.

Ma, X. and H. H. Schobert. Hydrogenolysis of Thiophenic Compounds on MoS2: A Computational Modeling of Heterogeneous Catalysis. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1997, 42, 657-661.

Shen, J.-P., D. Jiang and E. Min. Isopropylation of Naphthalene over Zeolites and Quantum Chemical Calculation. The 11th International Zeolite Conference, Korea, 1997, RP97.

Ma, X. and H. H. Schobert. Thermopyrolysis mechanism of n-Alkylbenzene: Experiment and Molecular Simulation. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1998, 43, 368-372.

Ma, X., Q. Wang, L.-Q. Chen, W. Cermignani, H. H. Schobert and C. G. Pantano. Semi-Empirical Studies on Electronic Structures of a Boron-Doped Graphene Layer - Implications on the Oxidation Mechanism.Carbon 1997, 35, 1517-1525.

Wang, Q., X. Ma, L.-Q. Chen, W. Cermignani and C. G. Pantano. Effect of Boron on Graphite Oxidation - A Theoretical Study. Carbon 1997, 35, 307-309.

Ma, X., K. Sakanishi, T. Isoda and I. Mochida. Quantum Chemical Calculation on the Desulfurization Reactivities of Heterocyclic Sulfur Compounds. Energy & Fuels 1995, 9, 33-37.

Mathews, J. P., P. G. Hatcher and A. W. Scaroni. Devolatilization, a Molecular Modeling Approach, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Preprr., 1998, Dallas, TX, March 29-April 2, 43, 1, 136.

Mathews, J. P., A. W. Scaroni, J.-L. Faulon and P. G. Hatcher. A Structural Model for Coalified Wood (Vitrinite) from a Medium Volatile Bituminous Coal Seam, Int. Conf. on Coal Science, 1993, Banff, Alberta, Canada, Int. Energy Agency, Vol. 1, 128.

o Analytical Characterization of Fuels & Catalytic Materials

Song, C., W.-C. Lai, K. M. Reddy and B. Wei. Temperature-Programmed Retention Indices for GC and GC-MS of Hydrocarbon Fuels and Simulated Distillation GC of Heavy Oils. In "Analytical Advances for Hydrocarbon Research". Edited by C. S. Hsu. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2002, Chapter 7, pp. 147-210.

Reddy, K. M., B. Wei and C. Song. High-Temperature Simulated Distillation GC Analysis of Petroleum Resids and Their Products from Catalytic Upgrading over Co-Mo/Al2O3 Catalyst. Catalysis Today, 1998, 43 (3), 187-202.

Ma, X., K. Sakanishi, T. Isoda and I. Mochida. Determination of Sulfur Compounds in Non-polar Fraction of Vacuum Gas Oil. Fuel 1997, 76, 329-339.

Song, C., W.-C. Lai, A. Schmitz, and K.M. Reddy. Characterization of Acidic Properties of Microporous and Mesoporous Zeolite Catalysts Using TGA and DSC. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 1996, 41 (1), 71-76.

Ma, X., K. Sakanishi, T. Isoda and I. Mochida. Structural Characteristics and Removal of Visible-Fluorescence Species in Hydrodesulfurized Diesel Oil. Energy & Fuels, 1996, 10, 91-96.

Lai, W.-C. and C. Song. Temperature-Programmed Retention Indices for GC and GC-MS Analysis of Coal- and Petroleum-derived Liquid Fuels. Fuel, 1995, 74 (10), 1436-1451.

Shen, J.-P., T. Sun, X. Yang, D. Jiang and E. Min. Mobility of Acidity: Study of Effect of Temperature on Acid Bridged Groups in Dealuminated Mordenite by in situ IR Spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 99 (32), 12332.

Shen, J.-P., J. Ma, J. Guo, D. Jiang and E. Min. In situ IR monitoring of the Acid and Structure Variations of Mordenite Caused by Pressure and Temperature. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Tans., 1995, 91 (12), 1835.

Shen, J.-P., J. Ma, T. Sun, D. Jiang and E. Min. Adsorption of benzene on the acidic and basic sites of KHb zeolite studied by in situ IR spectroscopy. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1994, 26, 291

Song, C., L. Hou, A. K. Saini, P.G. Hatcher, and H. H. Schobert. CPMAS 13C NMR and Pyrolysis-GC-MS Studies of Structure and Liquefaction Reactions of Montana Subbituminous Coal. Fuel Processing Technol., 1993, 34 (3), 249-276.

Burgess, C. E., K. Wenzel, C. Song, P. G. Hatcher, and H. H. Schobert. Structural Correlation of Coal Liquefaction Oils with Flash Pyrolysis Products. Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Coal Sci., Banff, Canada, Sept. 12-17, 1993, Vol. I, pp.311-314.

o Catalytic Upgrading of Heavy Oils and Resids

Yoneyama Y. and C. Song. Promoting Effect of H2O Addition on C-O Bond Cleavage and Hydrogenation of Dinaphthyl Ether over MoS2 Catalyst In Situ Generated from Ammonium Tetrathiomolybdate. Energy & Fuels, 2002, 16 (3), 767-773.

Karagöz, S., J. Yanik, S. Uçar, and C. Song. Catalytic Coprocessing of Low-Density Polyethylene with VGO Using Metal Supported on Activated Carbon. Energy & Fuels, 2002, 16 (5), 1301 -1308.

Song, C., Y. Yoneyama and K. M. Reddy. Method for Preparing A Highly Active, Unsupported High-Surface-Area MoS2 Catalyst. U.S. Patent, 6,451,729, Issue date: September 17, 2002

Wang, W., B. Wei, and C. Song. Simultaneous Hydrodesulfurization, Hydrodenitrogenation, Hydrogenolysis and Hydrogenation over MoS2-based Catalysts. Proceedings of 16th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, October 11-15, 1999, Paper No. 18-5

Portillo, M., H. H. Schobert, and C. Song. Simultaneous Hydrodenitrogenation and Hydrodesulfurization of Distillate Fuels Related to Coal/Petroleum Coprocessing. Proceedings of 16th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, October 11-15, 1999, Paper No. P3-1

Turaga, U. and C. Song. Potential of Novel MCM-41 Mesoporous Molecular Sieves as Supports for Catalytic Conversion of Coal-Derived Liquids into Clean Transportation Fuels. Proceedings of 16th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, October 11-15, 1999, Paper No. 20-5

Reddy, K. M., B. Wei and C. Song. Mesoporous Molecular Sieve MCM-41 Supported Co-Mo Catalyst for Hydrodesulfurization of Petroleum Resids. Catalysis Today, 1998, 43 (3), 261-272.

Reddy, K. M., B. Wei, and C. Song. Mesoporous Zeolite-Supported Co-Mo Catalyst for Hydrodesulfurization of Petroleum Resids. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 1997, 42 (2), 396-400.

Song, C., K. Hanaoka, and M. Nomura. Influence of Pore Structure and Chemical Properties of Supported Mo Catalysts on Their Performance in Upgrading Heavy Coal Liquids. Energy & Fuels, 1992, 6 (5), 619-628.

Song, C., T. Nihonmatsu, and M. Nomura. Effect of Pore Structure of Ni-Mo/Al2O3 Catalysts in Hydrocracking of Coal-Derived and Oil Sand Derived Asphaltenes. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1991, 30 (8), 1726-1734.

Song, C., T. Nihonmatsu , K. Hanaoka and M. Nomura. Effect of Pore Structure of Unimodal Catalysts on Hydrocracking of Asphaltene and Preasphaltene and Heteroatom Removal. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 1991, 36 (2), 542-550.

Ueda, K., H. Matsui, C. Song, and W. Xu. Catalytic Hydrocracking of Phenanthrene over Ni-Mo, Co-Mo and Metal-Loaded Y-Zeolite Catalysts. J. Japan Petrol. Inst., 1990, 33 (6), 413-417.

Song, C., K. Hanaoka, T. Nihonmatsu, and M. Nomura. Influence of Pore Structure of Nickel-Molybdenum Catalysts on Their Performance in Upgrading of SRC. Proc. 5th Internat. Conf. Coal Sci., Tokyo, Japan, Oct. 23-27, 1989, Vol. II, pp. 759-762.

o Chemicals and Materials from Coal / Non-Fuel Uses of Coal

Schobert H.H. and C. Song. Chemicals and Materials from Coal in the 21st Century. Fuel, 2002, 81 (1), 15-32.

Song, C. and H. H. Schobert. Effective Utilization of Coal-Derived Phenolic Chemicals. Energeia, University of Kentucky, 2001, 12 (1), 1-5.

Song, C. Comprehensive Utilization of Coal and Other Hydrocarbon Resources: An Integrated Approach. Proceedings of 17th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, September 11-15, 2000 [ISBN" 1-890977-17-9], Paper No. 20-1.

Song, C. and H. H. Schobert. An Integrated Approach to Utilization of Coal for Specialty Chemicals, Materials and Advanced Jet Fuels. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prep., 2000, 45 (4), 819-823.

Song, C. Chemicals and Materials from Coal. State of the Art and New Opportunities for Research. In "Prospects for Coal Science in the 21st Century (Proceedings 10th International Conference on Coal Science)", Shanxi Science and Technology Press, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China, Sept. 12-17, 1999, Edited by B. Q. Li and Z. Y. Liu, Vol. 1, pp. 897-900.

Song, C. and A. D. Schmitz. Shape-Selective Catalytic Isopropylation of Naphthalene and Biphenyl over Water-Modified Dealuminated Mordenites. In "Prospects for Coal Science in the 21st Century (Proceedings 10th International Conference on Coal Science)", Shanxi Science and Technology Press, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China, Sept. 12-17, 1999, Edited by B. Q. Li and Z. Y. Liu, Vol. 1, pp. 993-996.

Song, C. Recent Advances in Shape-Selective Catalysis over Zeolites for Synthesis of Specialty Chemicals. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 1998, 113, 163-186.

Song, C. and W.-C. Lai. Catalytic Synthesis of High-Value Chemicals from Coal-derived Liquids. Conversion of Phenanthrene Derivatives into Anthracene Derivatives. Proc. 15th Ann. Internat. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., Pittsburgh, PA, Sept. 14-18, 1998, Paper No. 16-6.

Song, C. and H. H. Schobert. Coal and Coke. In MacMillan Encyclopedia of Chemistry, Edited by J. J. Lagowski, MacMillan Publishing Company, New York, 1997, Vol. 2, pp. 367-372.

Song, C. and H.H. Schobert. Non-fuel Uses of Coals and Synthesis of Chemicals and Materials. Fuel, 1996, 75 (6), 724-736.

Song, C. and H.H. Schobert. Synthesis of Chemicals and Materials from Coal. Chemistry and Industry, 1996, No.7, 253-257.

Song, C., H.H. Schobert and A. W. Scaroni. Current Status of U.S. Coal Utilization and Non-fuel Uses of Fossil Fuels. Proceedings of 14th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China, September 23-27, 1997, Paper No. 22-1.

Song, C. and H.H. Schobert. Catalytic Synthesis of High-Value Chemicals and Materials from Coal. Proceedings of 14th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China, September 23-27, 1997, Paper No. 28-4.

Song, C. Towards Efficient Coal Utilization in the 21st Century. Energy and Resources, (Invited review, Japanese, non-refereed), 1995, 16 (1), 63-64.

Schobert, H. H. and C. Song. Moving Coal into the 21st Century. Earth & Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, non-refereed, 1992, 61 (3), 51-55.

Song, C. and H. H. Schobert. Specialty Chemicals and Advanced Materials from Coals: Research Needs and Opportunities. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 1992, 37 (2), 524-532.

Hirota, T., M. Nomura, and C. Song. A Method for Manufacture of Aromatic Chemicals from Coals. Japan Patent, 1-279990 (Assigned to Osaka Gas Company, Japan), November 10, 1989.

o Conversion of Coal and Other Heavy Hydrocarbon Resources to Clean Fuels via Coprocessing or Liquefaction

Song, C., A. K. Saini, and Y. Yoneyama. A New Process for Catalytic Liquefaction of Coal Using Dispersed MoS2 Catalyst Generated In-Situ with Added H2O. Fuel, 2000, 79 (3), 249-261.

Korda, A., J. W. Larsen, S. C. Martin, A. K. Saini, H. H. Schobert, and C. Song. Nonradical Reactions during Coal Conversion. A Search for Synchronous 1,4-Hydrogen Addition as a Precursor to Radical Reactions. Energy & Fuels, 2000, 14 (3), 545-551.

Piotrowski, A. and C. Song. Catalytic Coprocessing of Coal and Petroleum Resid Using Oil-Soluble Co, Ni, and Mo Catalyst Precursors. In "Prospects for Coal Science in the 21st Century (Proceedings 10th International Conference on Coal Science)", Shanxi Science and Technology Press, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China, Sept. 12-17, 1999, Edited by B. Q. Li and Z. Y. Liu, Vol. 1, pp. 795-798.

Wei, B. and C. Song. Coprocessing of Coal and Petroleum Resids Using Ammonium Tetrathiomolybdate as Mo Catalyst Precursor. In "Prospects for Coal Science in the 21st Century (Proceedings 10th International Conference on Coal Science)", Shanxi Science and Technology Press, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China, Sept. 12-17, 1999, Edited by B. Q. Li and Z. Y. Liu, Vol. 1, pp. 851-854.

Mae, K., C. Song, M. Shimada, and K. Miura. Observation of Retrogressive Reactions Under Liquefaction Conditions Utilizing the Oxidized Coal Completely Dissolved in Solvent at Room Temperature. Energy & Fuels, 1998, 12 (5), 975-980.

Song, C., A. K. Saini, Y. Yoneyama and H. H. Schobert. Using H2O and In-Situ Generated Mo Sulfide Catalyst for Temperature-Programmed Liquefaction of Wyodak Coal. Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Coal Science, Essen, Germany, September 7-12, 1997, Vol. III, 1413-1416.

Song, C., A. K. Saini and H. H. Schobert. Effects of Drying and Oxidation on Liquefaction of Wyodak Coal Using In-Situ Generated MoS2 Catalyst at 350-425°C. Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Coal Science, Essen, Germany, September 7-12, 1997, Vol. III, 1397-1400.

Song, C., A. K. Saini and Y. Yoneyama. A New Process for Catalytic Liquefaction of Low-Rank Coal Using Dispersed MoS2 Catalyst Generated In-Situ with Added H2O. Proceedings of 14th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China, September 23-27, 1997, Paper No. 8-4.

Kirby, S.R., C. Song and H. H. Schobert. Hydrodeoxygenation in Low-Rank Coal Liquefaction Systems Using Novel Organometallic Catalyst Precursors. Proc. 13th Ann. Internat. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Sept. 3-7, pp.466-471, 1996.

Song, C. and A. K. Saini. Strong Synergistic Effect between Dispersed Mo Catalyst and H2O for Low-Severity Coal Hydroliquefaction. Energy & Fuels, 1995, 9 (1), 188-189.

Song, C. Using Water and Dispersed Catalyst for Coal Liquefaction at Low Severity. Energeia, University of Kentucky, 1995, 6 (2), 1-4.

Song, C., A. K. Saini, and J. McConnie. Strong Promoting Effect of H2O on Coal Liquefaction Using Water-Soluble and Oil-Soluble Mo Catalyst Precursors. Coal Science and Technology, Elsevier, 1995, 24 (2), 1391-1394.

Song, C., E. Schmidt, and H. H. Schobert. Activity and Selectivity of Fe Catalysts from Organometallic and Inorganic Precursors for Hydrocracking of 4-(1-Naphthylmethyl) Bibenzyl Coal Science and Technology, Elsevier, 1995, 24 (2), 1327-1330.

Song, C., A. K. Saini, and H. H. Schobert. Retrogressive Reactions in Catalytic Coal Liquefaction Using Dispersed MoS2. Coal Science and Technology, Elsevier, 1995, 24 (2), 1215-1218.

Song, C., A. K. Saini, H.H. Schobert. Effects of Drying and Oxidation of Wyodak Subbituminous Coal on Its Thermal and Catalytic Liquefaction. Spectroscopic Characterization and Products Distribution. Energy & Fuels, 1994, 8 (2), 301-312.

Song, C., H. H. Schobert, and A. W. Scaroni. Current Status of U.S. Coal Utilization Technologies and Prospects. Energy and Resources (Invited review, Japanese), 1994, 15 (2), 142-153.

Song, C., D. S. Parfitt, and H. H. Schobert. Bimetallic Dispersed Sulfide Catalysts from Organometallic Clusters for Coal Liquefaction. Catalysis Letters, 1993, 21 (2), 27-34.

Song, C. and H. H. Schobert. Aromatic Polymer Precursors from Coals: A New Direction in Coal Chemistry. Proc. 10th Ann. Internat. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Sept. 20-24, pp.384-389, 1993.

Song, C. and H. H. Schobert. Opportunities for Developing Specialty Chemicals and Advanced Materials from Coals. Fuel Processing Technol., 1993, 34 (2), 157-196.

Song, C., D. S. Parfitt, and H. H. Schobert. Novel Bimetallic Dispersed Catalysts from Heteronuclear Organometallic Complexes for Promoting Coal Liquefaction. Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Coal Sci., Banff, Canada, Sept. 12-17, 1993, Vol. II, pp.345-348.

Song, C., W.-C. Lai, and H. H. Schobert. Condensed-Phase Pyrolysis of Long-Chain Paraffins. Unusual Effects of Sample Volume and Inert Gas Pressure. Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Coal Sci., Banff, Canada, Sept. 12-17, 1993, Vol. II, pp.167-170.

Song, C., A. K. Saini, and H.H. Schobert. Positive and Negative Impacts of Drying and Oxidation on Low-Severity Catalytic Liquefaction of Low-Rank Coal. Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Coal Sci., Banff, Canada, Sept. 12-17, 1993, Vol. I, pp.291-294.

Saini, A.K., M. M. Coleman, C. Song, and H. H. Schobert. Antiliquefaction: Model Systems for Enhanced Retrogressive Cross-Linking Reactions under Coal Liquefaction Conditions. Energy & Fuels, 1993, 7 (2), 328-330.

A. K. Saini, C. Song and H. H. Schobert. Enhanced Coal Conversion and Improved Products Distribution in Low-Severity Catalytic Liquefaction by Addition of Water. Pennsylvania State University, PSU Invention Disc. No. 93-1248, April 4, 1993.

Parfitt, D.S., C. Song, H.H. Schobert. The Use of Bimetallic Organometallic Compounds as Precursors of Dispersed Catalysts for Coal Liquefaction. Proc. 9th Ann. Internat. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Oct. 12-16, 1992, pp. 503-508.

Song, C., H.H. Schobert, and P.G. Hatcher. Temperature-Programmed Liquefaction of a Low Rank Coal. Energy & Fuels, 1992, 6 (3), 326-328.

Huang, L., C. Song, and H. H. Schobert. Temperature-Programmed Catalytic Liquefaction of Low-Rank Coal Using Dispersed Mo Catalyst. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 1992, 37 (2), 223-227.

Song, C. and H. H. Schobert. Temperature-Programmed Liquefaction of Low-Rank Coals in H-donor and Non-donor Solvents. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 1992, 37 (2), 976-983.

Song, C., H. H. Schobert, and P. G. Hatcher. Temperature-Programmed Liquefaction of Low-Rank Coal. Evaluation of Coal Depolymerization Reactions by CPMAS 13C NMR and Pyrolysis-GC-MS. Proc. 6th Internat. Conf. Coal Sci., University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Sept. 16-20, , 1991, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp.664-667.

Song, C., K. Hanaoka, and M. Nomura. Short-Contact-Time Pyrolytic Liquefaction of Wandoan Subbituminous Coal and Catalytic Upgrading of SCT-SRC. Fuel, 1989, 68 (3), 287-292.

Song, C., T. Ono, and M. Nomura. Catalytic Hydrogenation and Cracking of Anthracene over MoCl3-LiCl-KCl and NiCl2-LiCl-KCl Salts. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 1989, 62 (2), 630-632.

Song, C., K. Hanaoka, and M. Nomura. Performance of MoCl3- and NiCl2-LiCl-KCl Catalysts in Coal Hydroliquefaction with H-Donor Vehicle. Energy & Fuels, 1988, 2 (5), 639-644.

Song, C., K. Hanaoka, T. Ono, and M. Nomura. Catalytic Upgrading of SRC Derived from Pyrolytic Coal Liquefaction and Hydrocracking of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 1988, 61 (10), 3788-3790.

Song, C., M. Nomura, and K. Hanaoka. Two Stage Coal Liquefaction: Short-Contact-Time Liquefaction of a Subbituminous Coal and Catalytic Upgrading of the SCT-SRC Using Molten Salts. Coal Science and Technology, Elsevier, 1987, 11, 239-242.

Song, C. and M. Nomura. Catalytic Effects of MoCl3- and NiCl2-Containing Molten Salts in Hydroliquefaction of Akabira Bituminous Coal with and without H-Donor Vehicle. Fuel, 1987, 66 (9), 1225-1229.

Song, C. and M. Nomura. Catalytic Effects of MoCl3- and NiCl2-Containing Molten Salts for Hydroliquefaction of Morwell Brown and Taiheiyo Subbituminous Coals. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 1986, 59 (11), 3643-3648.

Song, C., M. Nomura, and M. Miyake. Coal Hydroliquefaction Using MoCl3- and NiCl2-Containing Salts as Catalysts: Difference in Catalysis between Solid and Molten Catalysts. Fuel, 1986, 65 (7), 922-926.

First Created on September 26, 1998 // Last Updated on Oct 17, 2002